{
  "meta": {
    "title": "World spices",
    "updated": "2026-10-04",
    "itemCount": 45,
    "disclaimer": "Educational reference for dried herbs and spices used in vegan cooking. Not medical advice and not a serving-size guide. Honey and animal-derived seasonings are not listed.",
    "diet": {
      "summary": "This directory is vegan-aligned: blends that typically include honey or dairy are omitted unless a single published USDA row exists for a plain dried spice. Za'atar is not listed because FoodData Central has no standard blend row.",
      "audited": "2026-10-04"
    },
    "nutrients": {
      "basis": "Per 100 g edible portion on the cited food-composition row (USDA SR Legacy or Foundation, or another published national table named on the item). Real pinches are far smaller.",
      "note": "Fiber, iron, calcium, and manganese are shown when the cited row publishes them. When a field is omitted on the profile, it stays blank.",
      "source": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/",
      "audited": "2026-10-04"
    },
    "water": {
      "summary": "Global average green + blue + grey water footprint, 1996-2005, from Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011) Table 3 only. Published as cubic meters per metric ton, which equals liters per kilogram of the named Table 3 product row. Not a farm-level figure.",
      "source": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011",
      "audited": "2026-10-04",
      "policy": "Table 3 crop or derived spice rows only when they match the spice on this list. Appendix figures, category averages, and proxy crops are not used."
    },
    "regions": {
      "summary": "Grown in filters mark regions where FAOSTAT and spice atlases commonly place major production or long trade history. They are not exclusive origins and not a season calendar.",
      "audited": "2026-10-04"
    }
  },
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "black-pepper",
      "name": "Black pepper",
      "aliases": ["peppercorn", "piper nigrum"],
      "kind": "piper",
      "category": "Pepper",
      "regions": ["asia", "americas", "africa", "europe"],
      "why": "Dried Piper nigrum berry, widely traded from South and Southeast Asia. Observational Mediterranean and Asian dietary patterns use pepper heavily; this page cites the USDA dry spice row, not a longevity trial of black pepper alone.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 25.3,
        "ironMg": 9.71,
        "calciumMg": 443,
        "manganeseMg": 12.18,
        "kcal": 251,
        "fdcId": 170931,
        "description": "Spices, pepper, black (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 7611,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Pepper of the genus Piper (7 611 L/kg). Table 3 is the pepper crop, not ground spice only."
    },
    {
      "id": "white-pepper",
      "name": "White pepper",
      "aliases": ["piper nigrum", "light peppercorn"],
      "kind": "piper",
      "category": "Pepper",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe"],
      "why": "Piper nigrum with the hull removed, common in Southeast Asian and Chinese cooking. Nutrients are the USDA white pepper row, distinct from black pepper.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 26.2,
        "ironMg": 14.3,
        "calciumMg": 112,
        "manganeseMg": 0.49,
        "kcal": 296,
        "fdcId": 170932,
        "description": "Spices, pepper, white (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 7611,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Pepper of the genus Piper (7 611 L/kg), same crop row as black pepper."
    },
    {
      "id": "green-peppercorn",
      "name": "Green peppercorn",
      "aliases": ["green pepper", "immature peppercorn"],
      "kind": "piper",
      "category": "Pepper",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa"],
      "why": "Immature Piper nigrum, often brined or freeze-dried for export. FoodData Central has no SR Legacy or Foundation row for plain dried green peppercorn without brine, so nutrients stay blank.",
      "nutrients": null,
      "waterLPerKg": 7611,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Pepper of the genus Piper (7 611 L/kg). Brined retail jars are not modeled separately."
    },
    {
      "id": "cayenne",
      "name": "Cayenne pepper (red chili)",
      "aliases": ["chili", "cayenne", "red pepper", "capsicum"],
      "kind": "capsicum",
      "category": "Chili",
      "regions": ["americas", "asia", "africa"],
      "why": "Ground Capsicum annuum varieties sold as cayenne or generic red chili. The USDA row is red or cayenne pepper, not every regional chili mash.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 27.2,
        "ironMg": 7.8,
        "calciumMg": 148,
        "manganeseMg": 2.0,
        "kcal": 318,
        "fdcId": 170934,
        "description": "Spices, pepper, red or cayenne (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 7365,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Chillies and peppers, dry (7 365 L/kg)."
    },
    {
      "id": "paprika",
      "name": "Paprika",
      "aliases": ["sweet paprika", "hungarian paprika"],
      "kind": "capsicum",
      "category": "Chili",
      "regions": ["europe", "americas", "africa"],
      "why": "Mild to hot ground Capsicum powders, including Hungarian and Spanish styles. USDA publishes one paprika row; smoked or specialty grades may differ.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 34.9,
        "ironMg": 21.1,
        "calciumMg": 229,
        "manganeseMg": 1.6,
        "kcal": 282,
        "fdcId": 171329,
        "description": "Spices, paprika (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 7365,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Chillies and peppers, dry (7 365 L/kg)."
    },
    {
      "id": "cumin",
      "name": "Cumin seed",
      "aliases": ["cumin", "jeera"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe", "americas"],
      "why": "Cuminum cyminum seed used across Middle Eastern, South Asian, and Latin American vegan cooking. Iron on the USDA row is high per 100 g; real portions are tiny.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 10.5,
        "ironMg": 66.36,
        "calciumMg": 931,
        "manganeseMg": 3.33,
        "kcal": 375,
        "fdcId": 170923,
        "description": "Spices, cumin seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no cumin seed row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "coriander",
      "name": "Coriander seed",
      "aliases": ["coriander", "dhania", "cilantro seed"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "europe", "africa", "americas"],
      "why": "Coriandrum sativum seed, distinct from fresh cilantro leaves. Common in Indian, Middle Eastern, and European spice blends.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 41.9,
        "ironMg": 16.32,
        "calciumMg": 709,
        "manganeseMg": 1.9,
        "kcal": 298,
        "fdcId": 170921,
        "description": "Spices, coriander seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 8280,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Coriander seeds (8 280 L/kg), under Anise, badian, fennel, coriander."
    },
    {
      "id": "turmeric",
      "name": "Turmeric",
      "aliases": ["turmeric powder", "haldi"],
      "kind": "rhizome",
      "category": "Rhizome",
      "regions": ["asia"],
      "why": "Ground Curcuma longa rhizome. Curcumin research is extensive, but this card only lists the USDA ground spice row, not clinical outcomes.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 21.1,
        "ironMg": 55,
        "calciumMg": 183,
        "manganeseMg": 7.83,
        "kcal": 312,
        "fdcId": 172231,
        "description": "Spices, turmeric, ground (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Table 3 in Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011) does not list turmeric as a separate crop row in the extract used for this page."
    },
    {
      "id": "cinnamon",
      "name": "Cinnamon (ground)",
      "aliases": ["cassia", "ceylon cinnamon"],
      "kind": "bark",
      "category": "Bark",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe", "americas"],
      "why": "Ground bark sold as cinnamon, including cassia types common in North American supermarkets. USDA does not split every species on one row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 53.1,
        "ironMg": 8.32,
        "calciumMg": 1002,
        "manganeseMg": 1.36,
        "kcal": 247,
        "fdcId": 170918,
        "description": "Spices, cinnamon, ground (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 15526,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Cinnamon (canella) (15 526 L/kg)."
    },
    {
      "id": "ginger",
      "name": "Ginger (dried, ground)",
      "aliases": ["ground ginger", "ginger powder"],
      "kind": "rhizome",
      "category": "Rhizome",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe", "americas"],
      "why": "Dried Zingiber officinale rhizome. Fresh ginger has a separate USDA row; this card is the ground spice only.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 14.1,
        "ironMg": 19.8,
        "calciumMg": 114,
        "manganeseMg": 33.3,
        "kcal": 335,
        "fdcId": 170926,
        "description": "Spices, ginger, ground (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 1657,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Ginger (1 657 L/kg). Table 3 is the ginger crop, not ground powder alone."
    },
    {
      "id": "cardamom",
      "name": "Cardamom",
      "aliases": ["green cardamom", "elaichi"],
      "kind": "pod",
      "category": "Pod spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa"],
      "why": "Elettaria cardamomum pods and seeds in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. USDA lists one cardamom spice row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 28.0,
        "ironMg": 13.97,
        "calciumMg": 383,
        "manganeseMg": 28.0,
        "kcal": 311,
        "fdcId": 170916,
        "description": "Spices, cardamom (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 34319,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms (34 319 L/kg combined FAOSTAT group)."
    },
    {
      "id": "cloves",
      "name": "Cloves",
      "aliases": ["clove", "syzygium aromaticum"],
      "kind": "flower",
      "category": "Flower bud",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe"],
      "why": "Dried Syzygium aromaticum flower buds, historically tied to the Maluku Islands and still grown in East Africa.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 33.9,
        "ironMg": 11.83,
        "calciumMg": 632,
        "manganeseMg": 60.13,
        "kcal": 274,
        "fdcId": 171321,
        "description": "Spices, cloves, ground (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 61205,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Cloves (61 205 L/kg)."
    },
    {
      "id": "nutmeg",
      "name": "Nutmeg",
      "aliases": ["nutmeg seed"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed aril",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "americas", "europe"],
      "why": "Myristica fragrans seed. Mace is the aril from the same fruit and shares the USDA nutmeg spice grouping in trade statistics.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 20.8,
        "ironMg": 3.04,
        "calciumMg": 184,
        "manganeseMg": 2.9,
        "kcal": 525,
        "fdcId": 170933,
        "description": "Spices, nutmeg (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 34319,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms (34 319 L/kg combined FAOSTAT group)."
    },
    {
      "id": "star-anise",
      "name": "Star anise",
      "aliases": ["badian", "illicium verum"],
      "kind": "fruit",
      "category": "Fruit spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "europe"],
      "why": "Illicium verum fruit, common in Chinese five-spice and pho broth. FoodData Central has anise seed (Pimpinella) but no honest star anise row, so nutrients stay blank.",
      "nutrients": null,
      "waterLPerKg": 8280,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Anise, badian, fennel, coriander group (8 280 L/kg for coriander seeds line). Star anise is grouped with badian in FAOSTAT; no separate star anise line in Table 3."
    },
    {
      "id": "fenugreek",
      "name": "Fenugreek seed",
      "aliases": ["fenugreek", "methi"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe"],
      "why": "Trigonella foenum-graecum seed in Indian and Ethiopian cooking. Distinct from fresh fenugreek leaves.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 24.6,
        "ironMg": 33.53,
        "calciumMg": 176,
        "manganeseMg": 1.23,
        "kcal": 323,
        "fdcId": 170924,
        "description": "Spices, fenugreek seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no fenugreek seed row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "mustard-seed",
      "name": "Mustard seed (yellow)",
      "aliases": ["mustard", "yellow mustard"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "europe", "americas", "africa"],
      "why": "Brassica alba / yellow mustard seed in pickles, curries, and whole-grain mustard. Brown and black mustard have separate culinary profiles but share this USDA yellow seed row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 12.2,
        "ironMg": 9.21,
        "calciumMg": 266,
        "manganeseMg": 1.27,
        "kcal": 508,
        "fdcId": 170929,
        "description": "Spices, mustard seed, yellow (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 2809,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Mustard seeds (2 809 L/kg)."
    },
    {
      "id": "saffron",
      "name": "Saffron",
      "aliases": ["saffron threads", "crocus sativus"],
      "kind": "stigma",
      "category": "Flower stigma",
      "regions": ["asia", "europe", "africa"],
      "why": "Dried Crocus sativus stigmas. One of the few spices with a dedicated USDA SR Legacy row despite tiny serving sizes.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 3.9,
        "ironMg": 11.1,
        "calciumMg": 111,
        "manganeseMg": 28.41,
        "kcal": 310,
        "fdcId": 170938,
        "description": "Spices, saffron (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no saffron crop row in the published extract used for this page."
    },
    {
      "id": "sumac",
      "name": "Sumac (ground)",
      "aliases": ["sumach", "rhus coriaria"],
      "kind": "berry",
      "filterGroups": ["aromatics"],
      "category": "Berry spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "europe", "africa"],
      "why": "Ground Rhus coriaria or related sour berries in Levantine and Iranian cooking. FoodData Central has no standard sumac SR Legacy or Foundation row, so nutrients stay blank.",
      "nutrients": null,
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. No matching Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 row and no honest USDA spice row on this starter list."
    },
    {
      "id": "allspice",
      "name": "Allspice (ground)",
      "aliases": ["pimento", "jamaica pepper"],
      "kind": "berry",
      "category": "Berry spice",
      "regions": ["americas", "europe", "africa"],
      "why": "Ground Pimenta dioica berry, common in Caribbean and Middle Eastern spice mixes. USDA publishes one allspice row; smoked or whole-berry grades may differ slightly.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 21.6,
        "ironMg": 7.06,
        "calciumMg": 661,
        "manganeseMg": 2.94,
        "kcal": 263,
        "fdcId": 170915,
        "description": "Spices, allspice, ground (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no separate allspice or pimento crop row in the published extract used for this page."
    },
    {
      "id": "anise-seed",
      "name": "Anise seed",
      "aliases": ["aniseed", "pimpinella anisum"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "europe", "africa"],
      "why": "Pimpinella anisum seed with a distinct USDA row from star anise (Illicium). Used in European baking and Mediterranean spice blends.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 14.6,
        "ironMg": 36.8,
        "calciumMg": 646,
        "manganeseMg": 2.42,
        "kcal": 337,
        "fdcId": 170914,
        "description": "Spices, anise seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 8280,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Anise, badian, fennel, coriander group (8 280 L/kg). Table 3 is the FAOSTAT spice group, not anise seed alone."
    },
    {
      "id": "caraway",
      "name": "Caraway seed",
      "aliases": ["caraway", "meridian fennel"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia", "africa"],
      "why": "Carum carvi seed in rye bread, sauerkraut, and Central European cooking. Distinct from cumin despite similar appearance.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 38.0,
        "ironMg": 16.23,
        "calciumMg": 689,
        "manganeseMg": 2.51,
        "kcal": 333,
        "fdcId": 170919,
        "description": "Spices, caraway seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no caraway seed row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "celery-seed",
      "name": "Celery seed",
      "aliases": ["celery seed spice"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia", "americas"],
      "why": "Apium graveolens seed sold as a spice, not the fresh stalk vegetable row. Common in pickling spice and coleslaw seasoning.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 11.8,
        "ironMg": 44.9,
        "calciumMg": 1767,
        "manganeseMg": 7.57,
        "kcal": 392,
        "fdcId": 170920,
        "description": "Spices, celery seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no celery seed spice row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "dill-seed",
      "name": "Dill seed",
      "aliases": ["dill weed seed"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia", "americas"],
      "why": "Anethum graveolens seed used in pickles, breads, and Indian dal. Fresh dill weed has a separate USDA row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 21.1,
        "ironMg": 16.32,
        "calciumMg": 1516,
        "manganeseMg": 1.96,
        "kcal": 305,
        "fdcId": 170925,
        "description": "Spices, dill seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no dill seed row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "fennel-seed",
      "name": "Fennel seed",
      "aliases": ["fennel", "saunf"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia", "africa", "americas"],
      "why": "Foeniculum vulgare seed in Italian sausage, Indian mukhwas, and tea. Not the fresh bulb vegetable row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 39.8,
        "ironMg": 18.54,
        "calciumMg": 1196,
        "manganeseMg": 6.52,
        "kcal": 345,
        "fdcId": 171323,
        "description": "Spices, fennel seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 8280,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Anise, badian, fennel, coriander group (8 280 L/kg). Table 3 is the FAOSTAT spice group, not fennel seed alone."
    },
    {
      "id": "mace",
      "name": "Mace (ground)",
      "aliases": ["nutmeg aril"],
      "kind": "flower",
      "category": "Seed aril",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe"],
      "why": "Aril from Myristica fragrans, paired with nutmeg in trade statistics. USDA lists a separate mace spice row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 20.2,
        "ironMg": 13.9,
        "calciumMg": 252,
        "manganeseMg": 2.42,
        "kcal": 475,
        "fdcId": 170927,
        "description": "Spices, mace, ground (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 34319,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms (34 319 L/kg combined FAOSTAT group)."
    },
    {
      "id": "poppy-seed",
      "name": "Poppy seed",
      "aliases": ["blue poppy seed"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia"],
      "why": "Papaver somniferum seed on breads and in Central European baking. USDA row is the edible seed, not opiate products.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 19.5,
        "ironMg": 9.76,
        "calciumMg": 1438,
        "manganeseMg": 6.71,
        "kcal": 525,
        "fdcId": 170935,
        "description": "Spices, poppy seed (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 2188,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Poppy seeds (2 188 L/kg)."
    },
    {
      "id": "garlic-powder",
      "name": "Garlic powder",
      "aliases": ["granulated garlic", "dehydrated garlic"],
      "kind": "bulb",
      "category": "Bulb powder",
      "regions": ["asia", "europe", "americas", "africa"],
      "why": "Dehydrated Allium sativum powder. Fresh garlic and garlic salt have separate USDA rows; this card is unsweetened powder only.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 9.9,
        "ironMg": 5.65,
        "calciumMg": 79.3,
        "manganeseMg": 0.98,
        "kcal": 331,
        "fdcId": 171325,
        "description": "Spices, garlic powder (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 2265,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Garlic powder (2 265 L/kg). Fresh garlic crop is a separate Table 3 row (589 L/kg)."
    },
    {
      "id": "onion-powder",
      "name": "Onion powder",
      "aliases": ["dehydrated onion"],
      "kind": "bulb",
      "category": "Bulb powder",
      "regions": ["asia", "europe", "americas", "africa"],
      "why": "Dehydrated Allium cepa powder for rubs and soup bases. Onion salt and fresh onion have separate USDA rows.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 15.2,
        "ironMg": 1.59,
        "calciumMg": 384,
        "manganeseMg": 1.14,
        "kcal": 341,
        "fdcId": 170930,
        "description": "Spices, onion powder (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 345,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Onions, dry (345 L/kg). Table 3 is the dry onion crop, not powder alone."
    },
    {
      "id": "sage",
      "name": "Sage (ground)",
      "aliases": ["dried sage"],
      "kind": "herb",
      "category": "Dried herb",
      "regions": ["europe", "americas", "africa"],
      "why": "Salvia officinalis leaf dried and ground. Common in stuffing and Mediterranean cooking. Fresh sage has a separate USDA row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 40.3,
        "ironMg": 28.12,
        "calciumMg": 1652,
        "manganeseMg": 3.13,
        "kcal": 315,
        "fdcId": 170939,
        "description": "Spices, sage, ground (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no sage row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "thyme",
      "name": "Thyme (dried)",
      "aliases": ["dried thyme"],
      "kind": "herb",
      "category": "Dried herb",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia", "africa", "americas"],
      "why": "Thymus vulgaris leaf dried for soups, beans, and herb blends. Fresh thyme has a separate USDA row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 37.0,
        "ironMg": 123.6,
        "calciumMg": 1890,
        "manganeseMg": 7.87,
        "kcal": 276,
        "fdcId": 170942,
        "description": "Spices, thyme, dried (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no thyme row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "sun-dried-chile",
      "name": "Sun-dried hot chile (chipotle-style)",
      "aliases": ["chipotle", "dried red chile", "meco chile"],
      "kind": "capsicum",
      "category": "Chili",
      "regions": ["americas", "asia"],
      "why": "Whole or flaked Capsicum annuum dried in the sun, including chipotle (smoke-dried jalapeño) styles in Mexican cooking. USDA publishes sun-dried hot chile, not every branded chipotle in adobo sauce.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 28.7,
        "ironMg": 6.04,
        "calciumMg": 45,
        "manganeseMg": 0.82,
        "kcal": 324,
        "fdcId": 168570,
        "description": "Peppers, hot chile, sun-dried (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 7365,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Chillies and peppers, dry (7 365 L/kg). Distinct from the ground cayenne powder row."
    },
    {
      "id": "pasilla",
      "name": "Pasilla pepper (dried)",
      "aliases": ["chile negro", "dried pasilla"],
      "kind": "capsicum",
      "category": "Chili",
      "regions": ["americas"],
      "why": "Dried mature Capsicum annuum sold as pasilla or chile negro in mole and salsa. USDA has a dedicated pasilla dried row, separate from paprika or cayenne powder.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 26.8,
        "ironMg": 9.83,
        "calciumMg": 97,
        "manganeseMg": 1.58,
        "kcal": 345,
        "fdcId": 168579,
        "description": "Peppers, pasilla, dried (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": 7365,
      "waterNote": "Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3: Chillies and peppers, dry (7 365 L/kg)."
    },
    {
      "id": "oregano",
      "name": "Oregano (dried)",
      "aliases": ["dried oregano", "mexican oregano"],
      "kind": "herb",
      "category": "Dried herb",
      "regions": ["europe", "americas", "asia", "africa"],
      "why": "Origanum and related dried leaf used across Mediterranean, Mexican, and Middle Eastern vegan cooking. USDA lists one dried oregano spice row; fresh oregano is separate.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 42.5,
        "ironMg": 36.8,
        "calciumMg": 1597,
        "manganeseMg": 4.99,
        "kcal": 265,
        "fdcId": 171328,
        "description": "Spices, oregano, dried (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no oregano row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "basil",
      "name": "Basil (dried)",
      "aliases": ["dried basil", "sweet basil"],
      "kind": "herb",
      "category": "Dried herb",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia", "africa", "americas"],
      "why": "Ocimum basilicum leaf dried for sauces and spice blends. Distinct from fresh basil on USDA; this card is the dried spice row only.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 37.7,
        "ironMg": 89.8,
        "calciumMg": 2240,
        "manganeseMg": 9.8,
        "kcal": 233,
        "fdcId": 171317,
        "description": "Spices, basil, dried (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no basil row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "rosemary",
      "name": "Rosemary (dried)",
      "aliases": ["dried rosemary"],
      "kind": "herb",
      "category": "Dried herb",
      "regions": ["europe", "africa", "asia", "americas"],
      "why": "Salvia rosmarinus needle dried for roast vegetables, breads, and herb rubs. Fresh rosemary has a separate USDA row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 42.6,
        "ironMg": 29.3,
        "calciumMg": 1280,
        "manganeseMg": 1.87,
        "kcal": 331,
        "fdcId": 171333,
        "description": "Spices, rosemary, dried (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no rosemary row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "marjoram",
      "name": "Marjoram (dried)",
      "aliases": ["dried marjoram", "sweet marjoram"],
      "kind": "herb",
      "category": "Dried herb",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia", "africa"],
      "why": "Origanum majorana leaf dried, common in European and North African seasoning. Not the same USDA row as oregano.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 40.3,
        "ironMg": 82.7,
        "calciumMg": 1990,
        "manganeseMg": 5.43,
        "kcal": 271,
        "fdcId": 170928,
        "description": "Spices, marjoram, dried (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no marjoram row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "spearmint",
      "name": "Spearmint (dried)",
      "aliases": ["dried mint", "nana mint"],
      "kind": "herb",
      "category": "Dried herb",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe"],
      "why": "Mentha spicata leaf dried for tea, chutneys, and Middle Eastern salads. Peppermint and fresh spearmint have separate USDA rows.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 29.8,
        "ironMg": 87.5,
        "calciumMg": 1488,
        "manganeseMg": 11.5,
        "kcal": 285,
        "fdcId": 172239,
        "description": "Spearmint, dried (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no spearmint row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "bay-leaf",
      "name": "Bay leaf (dried)",
      "aliases": ["laurel leaf", "tej patta"],
      "kind": "herb",
      "category": "Dried herb",
      "regions": ["europe", "asia", "africa", "americas"],
      "why": "Laurus nobilis leaf dried for soups, beans, and biryanis. Whole leaves are the spice; ground bay is not a separate USDA row on this list.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 26.3,
        "ironMg": 43,
        "calciumMg": 834,
        "manganeseMg": 8.17,
        "kcal": 313,
        "fdcId": 170917,
        "description": "Spices, bay leaf (SR Legacy)"
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no bay leaf row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "asafoetida",
      "name": "Asafoetida (hing)",
      "aliases": ["hing", "ferula assa-foetida"],
      "kind": "resin",
      "filterGroups": ["aromatics"],
      "category": "Spice",
      "regions": ["asia"],
      "why": "Dried oleo-gum-resin from Ferula roots, sold as lumps or compounded powder for dal and vegetable tempering. IFCT 2017 lists a plain asafoetida row; USDA SR Legacy does not.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 5.1,
        "ironMg": 15.7,
        "calciumMg": 266,
        "manganeseMg": 2.96,
        "kcal": 332,
        "description": "IFCT 2017: Asafoetida (G019)",
        "source": {
          "name": "Indian Food Composition Tables 2017 (ICMR-NIN)",
          "entryId": "G019",
          "url": "https://www.nin.res.in/ebooks/IFCT2017.pdf"
        }
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no asafoetida row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "ajwain",
      "name": "Ajwain (carom seed)",
      "aliases": ["omum", "bishop's weed", "trachyspermum ammi"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["asia"],
      "why": "Trachyspermum ammi seed used in Indian flatbreads, pickles, and digestive spice mixes. IFCT 2017 lists ajwain as Omum (G029); USDA SR Legacy has no plain dried row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 20.6,
        "ironMg": 13.7,
        "calciumMg": 1034,
        "manganeseMg": 6.86,
        "kcal": 357,
        "description": "IFCT 2017: Omum / ajwain (G029)",
        "source": {
          "name": "Indian Food Composition Tables 2017 (ICMR-NIN)",
          "entryId": "G029",
          "url": "https://www.nin.res.in/ebooks/IFCT2017.pdf"
        }
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no ajwain row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "long-pepper",
      "name": "Long pepper (pippali)",
      "aliases": ["pippali", "piper longum"],
      "kind": "piper",
      "filterGroups": ["aromatics"],
      "category": "Pepper",
      "regions": ["asia"],
      "why": "Dried Piper longum fruit spike used in Ayurvedic and South Asian cooking alongside black pepper. IFCT 2017 lists Pippali (G030); USDA SR Legacy has no plain dried row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 34.1,
        "ironMg": 7.99,
        "calciumMg": 414,
        "manganeseMg": 1.85,
        "kcal": 217,
        "description": "IFCT 2017: Pippali (G030)",
        "source": {
          "name": "Indian Food Composition Tables 2017 (ICMR-NIN)",
          "entryId": "G030",
          "url": "https://www.nin.res.in/ebooks/IFCT2017.pdf"
        }
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no long pepper row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "nigella",
      "name": "Nigella (kalonji)",
      "aliases": ["black seed", "black caraway", "nigella sativa"],
      "kind": "seed",
      "category": "Seed spice",
      "regions": ["asia", "africa", "europe"],
      "why": "Nigella sativa seed sprinkled on breads and curries across South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Czech national food composition data publishes a plain black-caraway seed row; USDA SR Legacy does not.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 23.9,
        "kcal": 509,
        "description": "Seeds, black-caraway black cumin (Nigella sativa), VBP 0924",
        "source": {
          "name": "Czech Food Composition Database (Nutridatabaze)",
          "entryId": "0924",
          "url": "https://www.nutridatabaze.cz/en/food/?id=924"
        }
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no nigella row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "galangal",
      "name": "Galangal (milled, dried)",
      "aliases": ["lesser galangal", "alpinia officinarum", "laos powder"],
      "kind": "rhizome",
      "filterGroups": ["aromatics"],
      "category": "Rhizome",
      "regions": ["asia"],
      "why": "Milled dried rhizome of Alpinia officinarum, used in Southeast Asian curry pastes and tom yum. Czech Nutridatabaze publishes a plain milled galangal row; USDA SR Legacy does not.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 35.3,
        "kcal": 283,
        "description": "Galangal, milled, dried rhizome (VBP 1062, Alpinia officinarum)",
        "source": {
          "name": "Czech Food Composition Database (Nutridatabaze)",
          "entryId": "1062",
          "url": "https://www.nutridatabaze.cz/en/food/?id=1062"
        }
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no galangal row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "hibiscus-calyx",
      "name": "Hibiscus calyx (dried)",
      "aliases": ["sudan-tea", "roselle", "hibiscus sabdariffa", "dried sorrel"],
      "kind": "flower",
      "filterGroups": ["aromatics"],
      "category": "Floral spice",
      "regions": ["africa", "asia", "americas"],
      "why": "Dried Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces sold for infusions and some regional cooking. FAO US Food Composition Table for Use in Africa (1968) lists Sudan-tea item 796; it is an older regional table, not a modern USDA row.",
      "nutrients": {
        "fiberG": 15.8,
        "ironMg": 12.2,
        "calciumMg": 1233,
        "kcal": 258,
        "description": "Sudan-tea, dried hibiscus calyx (FAO Africa 1968 item 796)",
        "source": {
          "name": "FAO US Food Composition Table for Use in Africa (1968)",
          "entryId": "796",
          "url": "https://www.fao.org/4/x6877e/X6877E12.htm"
        }
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no dried hibiscus calyx row in the published crop list used here."
    },
    {
      "id": "annatto",
      "name": "Annatto (dried achiote)",
      "aliases": ["achiote seco", "bixa orellana", "bijol"],
      "kind": "fruit",
      "filterGroups": ["aromatics"],
      "category": "Annatto",
      "regions": ["americas", "asia"],
      "why": "Dried achiote (Bixa orellana) as sold for coloring and seasoning in Latin American cooking. Peru Tablas peruanas 10th ed. (2017) code L1 labels the row Achiote seco (dried product), not a separate seed-only line.",
      "nutrients": {
        "ironMg": 5.6,
        "calciumMg": 11,
        "kcal": 388,
        "description": "Achiote seco (Tablas peruanas 2017, code L1)",
        "source": {
          "name": "Peru Tablas peruanas de composicion de alimentos, 10th ed. (2017)",
          "entryId": "L1",
          "url": "https://repositorio.ins.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.14196/1034/tablas-peruanas-QR.pdf"
        }
      },
      "waterLPerKg": null,
      "waterNote": "Blank. Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2011 Table 3 has no annatto or achiote row in the published crop list used here."
    }
  ]
}